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It is much easier to add minerals than to remove them. The home brewer who intends to make a variety of adjustments and is using very soft, distilled or reverse osmosis (R/O) water is very fortunate. The adjustments are only a matter of adding one or more mineral salts to achieve the desired qualities.
Various mineral salts can be added to water and we strongly urge the home brewer to acquire at least a basic understanding of water chemistry before adding any chemical to water that will be used for consumption. The following information will give the home brewer some indication of the amounts of mineral salts needed in order to achieve an increase in ion concentrations.

1 teaspoon of gypsum (calcium sulfate) in 5 gallons of water will increase (roughly) the concentration of:
Calcium (Ca²+) ion……………………………..55 ppm
Sulfate [(SO4)² -] ion…………………………135 ppm

1 teaspoon of pure table salt (sodium chloride) in 5 gallons of water will increase (roughly) the concentration of:
Sodium (Na +) ion…………………………….135 ppm
Chloride (Cl -) ion………………………………209 ppm

1 teaspoon of Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate) in 5 gallons of water will increase (roughly) the concentration of:
Magnesium (Mg ²+) ion……………………….52 ppm
Sulfate [(SO4)²-] ion………………………….207 ppm

1 teaspoon of Calcium Chloride flakes in 5 gallons of water will increase (roughly) the concentration of:
Calcium (Ca²+) ion……………………………..95 ppm
Chloride [2(Cl)²-] ion…………………………..84 ppm

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